Catholic-Protestant sectarianism has also been a factor in U.S. presidential campaigns. Most of the wealthy Muslims, gem dealers, even have a home in the capital, not to mention property. Definition of sectarianism in the Definitions.net dictionary. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11653860' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971080', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, }; The Ba’ath regime was being dominated by the Alawite community, as well as were other institutions of power. var pbjs = pbjs || {}; [83], According to Lisa Wedeen, the perceived sectarian rivalry between Sunnis and Shias in the Muslim world is not the same as Yemen's sectarian rivalry between Salafists and Houthis. For sectarianism as a characteristic of sects, see, The Ottoman Tanzimat and European colonialism, Post-1979 Revolution: Islamic Republic of Iran, Hashemi, Nader, and Danny Postel. 'buckets': [{ Middle Eastern dictatorships backed by the United States, especially Saudi Arabia, feared that the spread of the revolutionary spirit and ideology would affect their power and dominance in the region. Historically, some Catholic countries once persecuted Protestants as heretics. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, [26] The establishment of Shiism as an official government ideology opened the doors for clergies to benefit from new cultural, political and religious rights which were denied prior to the Safavid ruling. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_c", ["people_society_religion", "law_government_military"]); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '1666926', position: 'btf' }}, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, [129] The 1932 census is the only official census conducted in Lebanon: with a total population of 1,046,164 persons, Maronites made up 33.57%, Sunnis made up 18.57% and Shiites made up 15.92% (with several other denominations making up the remainder). dfpSlots['topslot_b'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/topslot', [[728, 90]], 'ad_topslot_b').defineSizeMapping(mapping_topslot_b).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'top').setTargeting('hp', 'center').addService(googletag.pubads()); { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_MidArticle' }}, This has been particularly intense in Northern Ireland since the early 17th century plantation of Ulster under James I, with its religious and denominational sectarian tensions lasting to the present day in some forms. [42] Soleimani was responsible for strengthening Iran's ties with foreign powers such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Syria's al-Assad and Shia militia groups in Iraq. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346698' }}, The most notable Religious leaders in Iran are named Supreme-leaders. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, These tensions have played out in clashes between Sunnis and Shi'ites within Lebanon, resulting in clashes and deaths. iasLog("criterion : cdo_ptl = entry-lcp"); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them. Yemen is geographically not in proximity of the so-called Shia Crescent. The Shi'ite militant and political organization Hezbollah and its supporters back the Assad government, while many of the country's Sunni communities back the opposition forces. [109][108] This policy of divide and rule executed by Ali Abdullah Saleh worsened Yemen's social cohesion and nourished sectarian persuasions within Yemen's society. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. [74][76], Before the 1990 Yemeni unification, the region had never been united as one country. {code: 'ad_topslot_b', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_topslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/topslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[728, 90]] } }, [71], Sectarianism reached the region once known as Arabia Felix with the 1911 Treaty of Daan. This leads to hostility amongst the involved parties and takes place internally but also externally. pbjsCfg.consentManagement = { { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '555365', size: [300, 250] }}, [82] A massacre of Christians, executed by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas, eventually led to the fall of the Homerite Kingdom. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Although sectarian identities played a role in the unfolding of events of the Syrian Civil War, the importance of tribal and kinship relationships should not be underestimated, as they can be used to obtain and maintain power and loyalty. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776140', position: 'atf' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ptl", "entry-lcp"); After the monarchy was overthrown, Iraq was ruled by the de jure secular Baathist Party, while de facto a minority Sunni absolute rule that discriminated against and persecuted the Shia majority. However, it has to be said that their sectarian nature did not only attract these flows of support, but they also adopted a more sectarian and Islamic appearance in order to attract this support. if(success && (tcData.eventStatus === 'useractioncomplete' || tcData.eventStatus === 'tcloaded')) { [127] This fluidity over reform created the necessary conditions for sectarianism to rise as a "reflection of fractured identities" pulled between enticements and coercions of Ottoman and European power. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [320, 50] }}, Although foreign regimes were first in support of the Free Syrian Army, they eventually ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms. [10], Within Islam, there has been conflict at various periods between Sunnis and Shias; Shi'ites consider Sunnis to be damned, due to their refusal to accept the first Caliph as Ali and accept all following descendants of him as infallible and divinely guided. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, [75], Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the divide between Shafi’is and Zaydis changed with the establishment of the Kingdom of Yemen. { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_Billboard' }}, The English sociologist Roy Wallis argues that a sect is characterized by "epistemological authoritarianism": sects possess some authoritative locus for the legitimate attribution of heresy. During the Safavid Dynasty's reign sectarianism started to play an important role in shaping the path of the country. His focus on Shiism and Shia Islam grew which was also implemented within the changing policies of the country. 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