However, it is evident that stable results have been obtained with good repeatability. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. There have been errors in the graphs because in the laboratory the measured extension of the break was 22mm whereas the zwick tensile testing machine made a graph that showed it to be a lot less around 8mm which is surprising to have such a varied result. Reference this. The test measures the force as a function of the strain being applied to the plastic sample. 1. … Figure 1- Photos of the 3 specimens before and after the test. Please confirm that JavaScript is enabled in your browser. Also, there were assumptions that were made while doing this for example when working out the young’s modulus we had to assume that the line between the origin and the high yield point is linear. For chemically resistant plastic, view our Chemical Resistance of Plastics chart. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Then, the 7- and 28-day polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) samples with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 percent by volume of fibers were tested in splitting tensile and compressive strength tests, and the tensile strength, maximum tensile strain, and compressive strength versus percentage by volume of fibers diagrams were plotted. it is used in many different fields, bumpers and some of the interior in a car is developed using polypropylene it’s also widely used in electrical components because of its great electrical resistance at high temperatures. Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. Then, the 7- and 28-day polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) samples with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 percent by volume of fibers were tested in splitting tensile and compressive strength tests, and the tensile strength, maximum tensile strain, and compressive strength versus percentage by volume of fibers diagrams were plotted. Depending on how they are linked or joined (chemical bonds or intermolecular forces) and on the arrangement of the different chains that forms the polymer, the resulting polymeric materials can be classified as: Depending on the chemical composition, polymers can be inorganic such as glass, or they can be organic, such as adhesives of epoxy resin. Tensile Strength. After the measurement, have been taken its required to make a table to compare the load to the extension this graph will be required to estimate relevant values that will be needed to complete the calculations. Tensile strength reduces marginally after 4 plying of the composites, the reason may be attributed to the degradation of the composites due to repeated thermal processing of the PP sheets which weakens the stress propagation . Also, you may want to use our Plastic Material Selection Guide or Interactive Thermoplastics Triangle to assist with the material selection process based on your application requirements. The tensile and impact tests were performed on virgin polypropylene, recycled polypropylene and mixtures of different proportions of both. With this sort of widespread application, it has become important to examine the properties obtainable from the material on a variety of fronts. However, for several polypropylene resin types the impact resistance was found to vary when different injection and testing methods were used. Polypropylene with 30% chemically-coupled glass reinforcement has a 180% improvement in tensile strength over the non-reinforced polypropylene and a 50% improvement over conventional glass-reinforced grades. Polypropylene (PP) is a linear hydrocarbon polymer, expressed as CnH2n. However, it is evident that stable results have been obtained with good repeatability. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. PP, like polyethylene (see HDPE, L/LLDPE) and polybutene (PB), Polypropylene is a polyolefin or saturated polymer. The polypropylene fibres used in this study are 12 mm in length, 32 μm in diameter and exhibit: a great flexibility, a high specific surface (134 m 2 /kg), a density of 905 kg/m 3, a tensile strength of 250 N/mm 2 and a Young's modulus of 3500–3900 N/mm 2 (in accordance with the product datasheet supplied by the manufacturer). Polyester and Nylon Double Braid, 3 Strand Twisted or Polypropylene, Manila, this rope strength guide helps determine diameter, tensile and working load of the various ropes specific for your use. Tensile strength of different fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites ([FRPCs] data from Refs 131–135, 125, 124, 116, 82, 92, 119 and 58). Polypropylene or PP is a low cost thermoplastic of high clarity, high gloss and good tensile strength. Available in a bucket, the line pays out smoothly from a center dispensing hole. This material has a higher melting point (160-170 o C), higher tensile strength, and greater rigidity than polyethylene. PP, like polyethylene (see HDPE, L/LLDPE) and polybutene (PB), Polypropylene is a polyolefin or saturated polymer. Polypropylene plastic is also good at transporting moisture and extremely resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. The test measures the force as a function of the strain being applied to the plastic sample. After considering other materials, perhaps titanium or high tech aluminium alloys, we may discount them on the grounds of cost – even if they do have suitable mechanical properties to make a good bridge. The bending tensile strength of the concrete modified with polypropylene fibers is variable (changes of ca. of a molded part. Eventually we may decide on steel; but which one? Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets Because of its use in many different fields its necessary to test the material in a variety of ways. Use line with manual or power fishing systems for … strength, tensile strength and elastic m odulus was higher than that of com posites with ZnO. Young's Modulus or Tensile Modulus alt. 1) Of these, a number of types of polypropylene have been developed since its production started in 1962, thanks to its excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, and insulating properties. Working Range of Strapping Although a strapping might have a high break strength or tensile strength, the working range of the strapping will limit the actual applied tension. This type of machine has two crossheads; one is adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimen, he machine must be able to generate enough force to fracture the specimen. A tensile test is typically governed via standards, and the two most common in the plastics industry are ASTM D638 and ISO 527. PROPERTY: UNIT: VALUE / RANGE: Tensile Strength, Yield at 23 C: MPa: 31 - 45: Tensile Strength, Break at 23 C: MPa: 18 - 22: Elongation, Yield % 10 - 12 Polypropylene machinable plastic, or Polypro for short, is a rugged, light weight, abrasion resistant, and high strength thermoplastic. Organic polymers can be also divided into natural polymers such as proteins and synthetic polymers as thermosets materials. … The scope of utilization is broad, including bumpers and other parts in the automotive field, electrical components, daily use items, and packaging materials. 3.3. A graph showing a common stress-strain curve for a plastic material is shown below: Also, glass transition temperature had to be controlled so that the polypropylene wasn’t too brittle, as temperature is hard to get accurate most of the readings might have differed because of it. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Modulus of Elasticity - and Ultimate Tensile and Yield Strength for steel, glass, wood and other common materials Sponsored Links Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Unsurprisingly when you inspect between the three graphs you can see a slight pattern occur which is that the faster you extend the Polypropylene the quicker it breaks. It has similar properties to polyethylene. Use our interactive properties table below to explore by property group, sort, or compare two or more plastic materials. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! This allows the material to withstand fairly heavy loads, despite being lightweight. 30th Aug 2017 Not for use in diagnostic procedures. The results obtained in this test are provided in Fig. This test is done because. Polypropylene Films Properties. Compared to many materials, polypropylene’s structure has a good tensile strength—somewhere around 4,800 psi. The test process involves placing the test specimen in the testing machine and slowly extending it until it fractures. It has a lower impact strength, but it's working temperatures and tensile strength are superior to low or high density polyethylene. During this process, the elongation of the gauge section is recorded against the applied force. Please contact us to check the availability of these products in your country. If an engineer wanted to design a bridge to span a river, it would be absurd to consider building it out of papier-mâché or rubber. Afterwards, the extensometer was removed, and the sample was loaded until fracture. An example of the test setup is shown below: From this test, many important mechanical properties can be derived. The morphological behavior indicates the fracture surface of PP/graphene is more rough than that of pure PP. VAT Registration No: 842417633. You can view samples of our professional work here. The other result that differed in specimen 3 when compared to the other specimens was the load at fracture this is because specimen 3 extended for a much longer distance then the other two so there was much more load at fracture which meant that the fracture stress was much greater too as shown in the results. Here, the temporary drop in stress at just under 3% strain is due to the process of temporarily stopping the loading and removing the extensometer. It has a higher melting point than PE, which makes it suitable for applications that require sterilization at high temperatures. Finally, the machine must be able to accurately and precisely measure the gauge length and forces applied, Tensile testing machine (diagrammatic sketch form), The test will be carried out using the Zwick tensile testing machine, with 3 different specimens each of them will be extended at different speeds, Before testing the specimens, they must be measured before and after the test to see what impact the test had on the specimens. Polypropylene fiber 3-strand and 8 strand rope - minimum breaking strength and safe load Sponsored Links Polypropylene rope is made of from monofilament or film polypropylene. However, looking at the results of the other groups in the lab it shows that the result is acceptable. As it can be seen in the results the extension at high yield point was very different for specimen 3 compared to the other specimens, this at first glance could be considered as an anomaly even though this was expected because the less stress that is put on the specimen meant that the extension of the yield would be higher but such a big gap wasn’t expected. Thus, for each sample, values of yield strength, elastic modulus, yield elongation and impact strength were obtained. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. (The results for 3 test pieces are shown with the origin offset.) ●Introduction Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a chemically created, petroleum based thermoplastic polymer that is used worldwide for a variety of applications where a lightweight, air-tight material is required. Figure 1- A 3.22% increase in tensile strength, 39.8% increase in elongation at break, and 26.7% increase in impact strength are achieved by addition of only 1 wt.% of graphene loading. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Use our interactive properties table below to explore by property group, sort, or compare two or more plastic materials. In recent years, a variety of synthetic resins have been put to use in a very wide range of fields. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! *You can also browse our support articles here >. because of its properties like high tensile strength, resistance to high temperatures and corrosion resistance. There are three definitions of tensile strength: Yield strength - The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it … The comparison data showed that the flexural modulus and tensile strength at yield of polypropylene samples is very similar when measured using ISO or ASTM procedure. Polypropylene GENERAL DESCRIPTION Polypropylene is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties not found in any other thermoplastic. https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/all-about-polypropylene-pp-plastic, http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/pp.aspx, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testing, http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Designer/session4.html. Tensile strength of different fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites ([FRPCs] data from Refs 131–135, 125, 124, 116, 82, 92, 119 and 58). Engineering For all the specimens you are required to obtain a verity of tensile properties including: Specimen 1 calculated results when extended at speed of 100 mm/min –, Specimen 2 calculated results when extended at speed of 50 mm/min –, Specimen 3 calculated results when extended at speed of 12.5 mm/min –, Calculations of average cross sectional area specimen 1, Average cross sectional area = Average thickness x Average width, Average cross sectional area = 2.17 mm x 4.70 mm = 10.20, Graph of load vs extension for specimen 1-, Graph of load vs extension for specimen2-, Graph of load vs extension for specimen 3-. Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets There are thousands to choose from. 6% for compressive strength, and up to 8% for split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete (Amudhavalli and Thilaga, 2017). In this test the tensile properties will be examined at different testing speeds. Polypropylene possesses excellent resistance to organic solvents, degreasing agents and electrolytic attack. Whereas, Tensile Strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Further, the tensile strength (average) is 35.7 MPa, the up edge elastic modulus (average) is … Modulus of Elasticity - and Ultimate Tensile and Yield Strength for steel, glass, wood and other common materials Sponsored Links Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt. The degree of orientation achieved by drawing has influence on the mechanical properties of polypropylene filaments. Uses for polypropylene include packaging, textiles, automotive parts, reusable containers, laboratory equipment and other plastic materials. The inclusion of 0.1% fiber gave minor reduction (2%) in compressive strength while the tensile strength increased by 39% with … Looking for a flexible role? This material has a higher melting point (160-170 o C), higher tensile strength, and greater rigidity than polyethylene. Polypropylene is an economical material that offers a combination of outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties not found in any other thermoplastic. Thus, for each sample, values of yield strength, elastic modulus, yield elongation and impact strength were obtained. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Which has the best properties at an affordable price? For materials that deform significantly but do not break, the load at yield, typically measured at 5% deformation/strain of the outer surface, is reported as the flexural strength or flexural yield strength. Yield Strength vs. Tensile Strength Yield Strength is the stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation or a point at which it will no longer return to its original dimensions (by 0.2% in length). Young's Modulus or Tensile Modulus alt. The tensile test. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. 2, which shows the relationship between stress and strain. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. This blue polypropylene Blow Line has a super high tensile strength of 210 pounds and will last for years without rust, rot or mildew. Tensile property tests for plastics are illustrated and give average values of ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and tensile modulus for common polymers such as nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, and acrylic are reported. Characteristics of the polypropylene fibres. Compared to low or high density polyethylene, it has a lower impact strength, but superior working temperature and tensile strength. The results of the test are reliable but improvements could have been made the graph could have a much smaller scale which would have made the readings off the graph much easier to obtain. The tensile strength is important because it allows you to compare the strength of the strapping materials themselves without a reference to the dimensions of the sample. Maximum tensile strength is achieved at 2 ply for 10% fiber loading and 3 cm cut length of fibres. Polypropylene plastic is also good at transporting moisture and extremely resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. Also, you may want to use our Plastic Material Selection Guide or Interactive Thermoplastics Triangle to assist with the material selection process based on your application requirements. Company Registration No: 4964706. Well the obvious choice is just to pick a stronger material instead, but lets say that’s not option for whatever reason. Further, the tensile strength (average) is 35.7 MPa, the up edge elastic modulus (average) is 1,265 MPa, and the absorbed energy is 0.49 J. 4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for the control and specification of nonreinforced polyethylene and flexible nonreinforced polypropylene geomembranes. Commercial monofilaments have an elongation at break in the region of 12-25%. For example, tensile properties of plastics such as plastic tensile strength and rigidity can be determined according to DIN EN ISO 527 by briefly applying load in one direction with a tensile test. Polypropylene Cord » Braided Polypropylene Cord; Polypropylene Rope » 3 Strand Polypropylene Rope » 3 Strand Staple Spun » 3-Strand Multi Filament Rope » Braided Polypropylene Rope » Cricket Boundary Rope » Draw rope (rope on drum) » Polypropylene Rope By The Metre; Polypropylene Twine » Baling Twine » Polypropylene Gardening twine These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. All work is written to order. The machine must be able to apply the force quickly or slowly enough to properly mimic the actual application. (Fig. For example, the polymerisation of propylene, which is identical to ethylene except that one hydrogen substituent has been replaced by a methyl (CH 3) group, yields “polypropylene”. The higher the degree of stretch, the higher the tensile strength and the lower the elongation. +/− 20%), but with the addition of fibers in an amount higher than 2.5 kg/m 3, the bending tensile strength significantly decreases. For Research Use Only. Such properties can be investigated and compared between different products using standardized test methods. Propylene monomers polymerisation to polypropylene. Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. Any scientific information contained within this essay should not be treated as fact, this content is to be used for educational purposes only and may contain factual inaccuracies or be out of date. Industrial Applications: Polypropylene sheets are widely used in industrial sector to produce acid and chemical tanks, sheets, pipes, Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP), etc. The apparatus used the most for the testing part of the experiment was the zwick tensile testing machine this is a highly accurate piece of equipment as it has high resolution angle measurement which allows excellent repeat accuracy. Polypropylene machinable plastic, or Polypro for short, is a rugged, light weight, abrasion resistant, and high strength thermoplastic. Polypropylene with 30% chemically-coupled glass reinforcement has a 180% improvement in tensile strength over the non-reinforced polypropylene and a 50% improvement over conventional glass-reinforced grades. Polypropylene has the ability to crystallise which was a very exciting prospect as it is also an economical material so the popularity of it grew and production began all across most of Europe its use. The flexural strength of a material is defined as its ability to resist deformation under load. We know this because we know something about the demands that will be put on the bridge and we know that these materials do not satisfy the requirements. For chemically resistant plastic, view our Chemical Resistance of Plastics chart. In order to answer this question, we must conduct tests on different steels and compare the results when samples of the steel are tested to destruction. For example, the polymerisation of propylene, which is identical to ethylene except that one hydrogen substituent has been replaced by a methyl (CH 3) group, yields “polypropylene”. Polypropylene Cord » Braided Polypropylene Cord; Polypropylene Rope » 3 Strand Polypropylene Rope » 3 Strand Staple Spun » 3-Strand Multi Filament Rope » Braided Polypropylene Rope » Cricket Boundary Rope » Draw rope (rope on drum) » Polypropylene Rope By The Metre; Polypropylene Twine » Baling Twine » Polypropylene Gardening twine Polypropylene, like other plastics, typically starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels into lighter groups called “fractions” some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerisation or poly-condensation). A tensile test at slow speeds was performed using the Shimadzu precision universal tester Autograph AG-X. The data is manipulated so that it is not specific to the geometry of the test sample. Industrial Applications: Polypropylene sheets are widely used in industrial sector to produce acid and chemical tanks, sheets, pipes, Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP), etc. The tensile and impact tests were performed on virgin polypropylene, recycled polypropylene and mixtures of different proportions of both. The graph readings are used to find how much it was extended when broken so that the tensile ductility can be worked out. In this example, a typical polypropylene material is subjected to tensile testing at slow speeds.●Tensile Tests at Slow Speeds (Static Tests) Strain between two reference points was measured using a extensometer midway at a crosshead speed (loading speed) of 5 mm/min. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Polypropylene (PP) is a linear hydrocarbon polymer, expressed as CnH2n. Study for free with our range of university lectures! This page may contain references to products that are not available in your country. This material has a higher melting point (160-170 oC), higher tensile strength, and greater rigidity than polyethylene. For example, the polymerisation of propylene, which is identical to ethylene except that one hydrogen substituent has been replaced by a methyl (CH3) group, yields “polypropylene”. It can be seen in this test how speed effects the tensile properties of polypropylene, as the results and graphs show that when tension is applied quicker as its done in the first specimen it can take a lot less stress to break the polypropylene compared to the 3rd specimen which took a lot more tension because it expanded much more than the other 2 specimens as seen in figure 6. Lots of different types of polypropylene have been under production since the early 1950s mainly because of its insulating properties. It is light in weight, Retrieving most of the results from the graph required a lot of estimation because specimens one and two had scales of 20 and specimen 3 had a scale of 50 these both aren’t precise enough to get an accurate reading of the graph so a lot of estimation was required. (303) 809-7274 — The Best Custom Colored Rope and Hardware. Polypropylene Testing. Tensile strength is defined as the stress at which a product such as rope, wire, or strapping breaks or permanently deforms. because of its properties like high tensile strength, resistance to high temperatures and corrosion resistance. Flexural Strength Testing of Plastics. The cost effectiveness of any material is a matter not to be dealt with here but we must ask “which steel has the most appropriate physical properties”. 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