your password Duration: 1 week to 2 week. COBOL in Hindi, COBOL Full Form, क्‍या आपको लगता है कि COBOL मर चुका है? CICS stands for Customer Information Control System. Introduced in 1959. Full form of COBOL is Common Business-Oriented Language. How many pairs of bones make up the rib cage? This language is imperative, object oriented, and procedural. OBOL is a programming language best suited for business apps operating on large computers. COBOL was designed by William Selden, Howard Bromberg, Jean Sammet, Gertrude Tierney, Vernon Reeves, and Howard Discount. TFT Full Form - TFT stands for Thin Film Transistor. The Enterprise COBOL for z/OS compiler is capable of unleashing the full power of IBM processors that are delivered in the various models of IBM Z ® hardware. What is the Full from of COBOL. While some members thought the language had too many compromises and was the result of design by committee, others felt it was better than the three languages examined. This is ideal for Fixed width (Text or Binary) files, Cobol Data Files, Mainframe files and complicated Csv files. COBOL is an English compiled programming language intended for commercial application. Mail us on hr@javatpoint.com, to get more information about given services. It is primarily used in company and government business, finance, and administrative systems. COBOL was designed by William Selden, Howard Bromberg, Jean Sammet, Gertrude Tierney, Vernon Reeves, and Howard Discount. COBOL is a high-level programming language designed for the business applications. Editer is Grace Hopper. COBOL is an abbreviation of "Common Business-Oriented Language". [154] GO TOs were largely replaced by the PERFORM statement and procedures, which promoted modular programming[154] and gave easy access to powerful looping facilities. All rights reserved. The full from of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. Operating systems used to have their programming languages, before COBOL. The language was closely related to English, which makes it easy to learn for new comers. If yes, then you are at the right place, because here you will not only get the all possible Full Form of COB but also get detailed information about COB. what is the Full Form of COBOL, C.O.B.O.L. Your email address will not be published. What is the full form of COBOL? COBOL programs use regular English language and everything is clearly spelled out which makes it easily understandable and much longer in comparison to the same program written in another language. COBOL was at … It's going to ask the group of letters or words captured from the word or phrase in its entirety.There are several words utilized in the short form and it's essential to understand the complete sorts of those words. A 1959 survey had found that in any data processing installation, the programming cost US$800,000 on average and that translating programs to run on new hardware would cost $600,000. Bereitstellung von COBOL-Anwendungen über verteilte, Container- oder Cloud-Plattformen. COBOL Full Form is COmmon Business Oriented Language. COBOL is the first programming language that was profoundly popular, and it is also the second oldest programming language after FORTRAN. Full form of COBOL is Common Business-Oriented Language. In the COBOL we are almost using all the functionalities to develop new codes to fulfill the requirement. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. Enable both long names & term-connector characters that are up to Thirty characters. COBOL is a high-level programming language designed for the business applications. Developed by JavaTpoint. It is imperative, procedural, and object-oriented.A compiler is a computer program that takes other computer programs written in a high-level (source) language and coverts them into another program, machine code, which the computer can understand. The language is structured, based on the concepts of objects and makes use of the statements through which modification occurs in the state of the program. COBOL is also commonly used during … Introduced in 1959. It is primarily used in company and government business, finance, and administrative systems. COBOL was discovered in the 1950s by a Grace Hopper. Here is something a little different, creating a form using only COBOL. It was again revised in 1974 and 1985 to develop subsequent versions named COBOL-74 and COBOL-85 respectively. It is the second oldest programming language as FORTRAN is the oldest. Enter your term in the search box of the website or check out 50+ related full forms given in order to find the term of your choice. COBOL has been used primarily in large organizations such as the army, government, large-scale companies. Also, a few banks in the USA. 3. Because of its diminishing success as well as the retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, applications have been adapted to different formats, updated in modern languages or substituted with software programs. It’s a video display technology used in liquid crystal display ( LCD ) . COBOL is mainly used by government and corporations in finance, industry & administrative structures. [162], COBOL-85 was not fully compatible with earlier versions, and its development was controversial. The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. Category : Computing (You might also like similar terms related to the Computing category) Not able to find full form or full meaning of COBOL May be you are looking for other term similar to COBOL. It is procedural, imperative & has been object-oriented from 2002. The best thing about COBOL is that it uses English language phrases and words, and this feature makes it easily readable for business owners. This language also used as a solution to many data processing problems. This language is imperative, object oriented, and procedural. This language is imperative, object oriented, and procedural. It appeared for the first time in 1959. It is used to pass the control from the DL/I to the COBOL program. Mainframe) file formats, both Text and binary files. And it can’t be removed. COBOL takes data from a file or database, processes, and outputs it. Cobol free download - Visual COBOL Personal Edition, Net Express with .NET, HXTT Cobol, and many more programs COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. Here is the syntax of the entry statement − The above statement is coded in the Procedure Divisionof a COBOL program. Much of COBOL ‘s programming is now primarily to support current applications, although many major financial companies still were designing new COBOL programs in 2006 given the speed of mainframe operation. The people who know how to use it are often just as old. - Full Form - ScrollList.com It was created jointly by the private sector and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability. COBOL is a form of high-level programming language that is suitable for company applications. Among the oldest programming languages, COBOL is the second oldest which was jointly created with the U.S government-private sector for the aim of fulfilling some objectives which are: readability and profitability. COBOL’s programs could run on computers other than one from different manufacturers and be therefore quickly adopted by the DOD (Department of Defence) because they had to purchase machines from different buyers. It is a computer programming language designed and developed for the purpose of application in Businesses. COBOL in Hindi, COBOL Full Form, क्‍या आपको लगता है कि COBOL मर चुका है? How a computer language controls the financial life of the world. What is the full form of AAFI? COBOL Full Form is COmmon Business Oriented Language. It was suitable for business applications that run on large computers. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. [153], One cause of spaghetti code was the GO TO statement. कोबोल का फुल फॉर्म, COBOL Kya Hai, COBOL Full Form, COBOL Meaning, COBOL Abbreviation Table of Contents दिखाएं 1. COBOL 2002 has Object oriented features and other modern language features COBOL is a high-level programming language designed for the business applications. It supports Unix / PC / Legacy (e.g. It underpins the entire financial system. COBOL: COmmon Business-Oriented Language COBOL Full Form Hindi COBOL का फुलफॉर्म COmmon Business-Oriented Language और … Acronym for common business oriented language. Cobol free download - Visual COBOL Personal Edition, Net Express with .NET, HXTT Cobol, and many more programs COB Full Form. COBOL is a compiled computer programming language that is mainly intended for use in business sectors. Integration with the World Wide Web is possible. Cobol Copybooks can be used to format Cobol Data files. 'COmmon Business-Oriented Language' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Full Form Category Term; Common Business-Oriented Language: Information Technology: COBOL: Common Business Operating Language: Softwares: COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language: Accounts and Finance: COBOL Earlier each computer maker has to use its own programming language to function a computer. Apr 18, 2020 - COBOL Full Form is COmmon Business Oriented Language. Developers only need to focus on the logic of the applications and let the compiler determine the best way to transform and optimize the code generation for the IBM Z hardware on which the application will run. लगभग 95 प्रतिशत ATM Full Form of COBOL, COBOL Full Form in Hindi It is procedural, imperative & has been object-oriented from 2002. COBOL is a compiled computer programming language that is mainly intended for use in business sectors. The batch initialization module triggers the application program and is executed under its control. - COmmon Business-Oriented Language - COmmon Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) is one of the oldest high leve COBOL programs use regular English language and everything is clearly spelled out which makes it easily understandable and much longer in comparison to the same … Required fields are marked *. COBOL is a coding language older than Weird Al Yankovic. COBOL-68, COBOL-74, COBOL-85 and COBOL-2002. This is part 1 or the article and it will cover creating the form, adding controls and enabling them and calling .NET classes. Linux, Cloud und Container . Enter your term in the search box of the website or check out 50+ related full forms given in order to find the term of your choice. It was created jointly by the private sector and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability. It was created jointly by the private sector and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. A new online forum, co-sponsored by the Open Mainframe Project, aims to connect COBOL programmers to people wanting to hire them.Several hundred COBOL programmers—some with decades of … COBOL is mainly used in large organizations like Military, Government, Large scale Businesses and in some Banks also in USA. COBOL is a programming language that is mainly focused on solving a business problem. COBOL applications are easy to understand. We've done numerous articles on how to interface COBOL with other .NET languages. It has undergone several changes and updates from 1960. COBOL’s systems can handle massive amounts of data. लगभग 95 प्रतिशत ATM Full Form of COBOL, COBOL Full Form in Hindi your password COBOL is a compiled computer programming language that is mainly intended for use in … While some members thought the language had too many compromises and was the result of design by committee, others felt it was better than the three languages examined. COBOL's Full form is Common Business Oriented Language. Your email address will not be published. COBOL applications are portable that means can be used by all. COBOL is a programming language that is mainly focused on solving a business problem. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. CICS provides services for running an application online, by request, at the same time as many other users are submitting requests to run the same applications, using the same files and programs. The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. What are producers? COBOL is a high-level programming language designed for the business applications. Since 1960, it has undergone various updates and improvements. In 1968, COBOL was approved by ANSI as a standard language for commercial use (COBOL-68). Looking for the definition of COBOL? your username. Chapter 9 Calling Subprograms (Inter-Program Communication) How to call subprograms from a COBOL program, including C, C++ and VB. 2. Welcome! It is the second oldest programming language as FORTRAN is the oldest. However, should you wish to make full use of the Cobol site you may be required to provide us with personal information and accordingly we have made this notice readily available on our website. It is the second oldest programming language as FORTRAN is the oldest. At a time when new programming languages were proliferatingat an ever-increasing rate, the same survey suggested that if a common business-oriented language were used, conversion would be far cheaper a… Full-function GUI COBOL Integrated Development Environment (Edit, Compile, and Debug) ... Windows Forms is a model for developing rich client GUI applications that are built around classes in the .NET Framework class library’s System.Windows.Forms namespace. In COBOL, all the instructions can be coded in simple English words. This language is imperative, object oriented, and procedural. COBOL: COmmon Business-Oriented Language COBOL Full Form Hindi COBOL का फुलफॉर्म COmmon Business-Oriented Language और … COBOL is the highest programming language level which in full means Common Business Oriented Language that has been designed in various applications of the businesses. The Editor uses a Record-Layout description to format the files. COBOL : - Full-Form: - Common Business Oriented Language Cobol Definition: - COBOL(Common Business Oriented Language) is a high-level programming language that is used in most of business applications. Fortran; The full form of Fortran is Formula Translation. Earlier each device maker is expected to run a program using their computer language. What is the full form of RTGS? It was suitable for business applications that run on large computers. DLITCBL stand… COBOL Full Form is COmmon Business Oriented Language. It appeared for the first time in 1959. forms. COBOL is a compiled computer programming language that is mainly intended for use in business sectors. The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. © Copyright 2011-2018 www.javatpoint.com. It is procedural, imperative & has been object-oriented from 2002. Full Forms - An abbreviation may be a shortened sort of a word or a sentence. COBOL Full Form Hindi 1.1. COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. If you use the Language Environment version of ILBOABN0, the save area of the program issuing ILBOABN0 is … For example, a 9 indicates a decimal digit, and an S indicates that the item is signed. Thus, COBOL format is therefore no longer accepted by modern devices, and it is termed as Legacy Language. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Which are the sources to provide data’s to process the COBOL Programs. COBOL is a form of high-level programming language that is suitable for company applications. It is particularly popular for business applications that run on large computers. With Language Environment®, a CALL to ILBOABN0 will continue to force an immediate abend.To produce a system dump, see Obtaining a system dump or a CICS transaction dump.. Anwendungs-Rehosting . Log into your account. It is a general-purpose transaction processing subsystem for the z/OS operating system. COBOL takes data from a file or database, processes, and outputs it. It was suitable for business applications that run on large computers. What is the full form of CID? COBOL's Full form is Common Business Oriented Language. Jillian Michaels says she got COVID-19, issues warning. Bonus Day 2 - Miscellaneous COBOL Syntax Bonus Day 3 - Full-Screen I/O Bonus Day 4 - Using a Symbolic Debugger Bonus Day 5 - Intrinsic Functions and the Year 2000 Bonus Day 6 - Dates and the Year 2000 Appendix A - Answers Appendix B - ASCII Appendix C - Editing, Compiling, and Linking Appendix D - Handling Compiler Errors Appendix E - Summary of COBOL Syntax Appendix F - Transaction … COBOL's full form was designed for finance and human resource industries. Chapter 10 Using ACCEPT and DISPLAY Statements How to use ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements for: simplified file input-output, obtaining command line arguments, … It is procedural, imperative & has been object-oriented from 2002. Welcome! By compiling COBOL code into Java, isCOBOL software allows your organization to retain and enhance valuable COBOL application and development assets, while taking full advantage of the Java technology platform in deployment. COBOL is mainly used by government and corporations in finance, industry & administrative structures. The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. This language also used as a solution to many data processing problems. Check COBOL meaning is Cannot Operate Because Of Limitations where all Abbreviation, Acronym of COBOL is available with complete definition which really helps to understand its Full Form name in different interest and terminology. Please mail your requirement at hr@javatpoint.com. COBOL is mainly used by government and corporations in finance, industry & administrative structures. The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) has created several COBOL updates, for example, COBOL- 68, COBOL-74, COBOL- 85 and COBOL-2002 respectively. [154] GO TOs were largely replaced by the PERFORM statement and procedures, which promoted modular programming[154] and gave easy access to powerful looping facilities. Find out what is the full meaning of COBOL on Abbreviations.com! What is the full form of IQ ? COBOL was designed by William Selden, Howard Bromberg, Jean Sammet, Gertrude Tierney, Vernon Reeves, and Howard Discount. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. Master Structure of JCL and Learn what is the use of JOB CARD in JCL. What is the Full Form of COBOL ? COBOL is an English compiled programming language intended for commercial application. COBOL’s systems are portable, which means anybody can use. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has produced various revisions of COBOL, e.g. - COmmon Business-Oriented Language - COmmon Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) is one of the oldest high leve COBOL programs use regular English language and everything is clearly spelled out which makes it easily under… COBOL was at first invented during the 1950s by Grace Hopper. Frameworks on COBOL are simple to understand. COBOL’s applications can be easily managed. COBOL was invented in late 1950s by the Grace Hopper. The DL/I loads the required control blocks and modules and the application program, and control is given to the application program. In the late 1950s, computer users and manufacturers were becoming concerned about the rising cost of programming. What is the full form of COBOL? cobol full form in hindi, cobol, what is cobol in hindi, cobol kya hota hai, cobol ki full form kya hotee hai, full form in hindi cobol, cobol full form, cobol full form hindi mai. With OS/VS COBOL, you can use a CALL to ILBOABN0 to force an immediate abend and obtain a system dump. Chapter 8 Using Screens Methods of how to display data to, and accept data from, the screen. Dentists see an epidemic of cracked teeth. [162], COBOL-85 was not fully compatible with earlier versions, and its development was controversial. COBOL - COmmon Business Oriented Language COmmon Business Oriented Language was the first high-level programming language that was widely-used for business, finance, and administrative applications. COMP-5 is thus particularly useful for binary data items that originate in non-COBOL programs where the data might not conform to a COBOL PICTURE clause. Log into your account. COBOL is an English compiled programming language intended for commercial application. COBOL programs could run on more than one computer of different manufacturers and hence was immediately adopted by the Department of Defense (DoD) as they have to purchase computers from different buyers. COBOL is also commonly used during mainframe computer applications, including massive task & transaction processing work. Editer is Grace Hopper. What is the Full form of COBOL? The full form of COBOL is Common Business Oriented Language. The next version, COBOL-61, was released in 1961 with some revisions. When you reference a COMP-5 item, the full binary field size is used in the operation. your username. Part 2 will show you how to make things disappear! COBOL Full Form : COBOL was the first high-level programming language that was widely-used for business, finance, and administrative applications. And Learn JCL program structure. COBOL format is no longer being supported by new systems hence, it is called Legacy Language. Self documenting language that offers visual programming environments. Modernisierung zentraler Geschäftssysteminfrastruktur als Grundstein für zukünftige Innovationen. What is the full form of TTYL? What is symphony? Dear Friends, do you want to know what is the full form of COB is? Category : Computing (You might also like similar terms related to the Computing category) Not able to find full form or full meaning of COBOL May be you are looking for other term similar to COBOL. What is the full form of TBH ? It is the second oldest programming language as FORTRAN is the oldest. In DB2 Relational database, the existing tables are used for the development and enhancement purpose. COBOL is a high-level programming language designed for the business applications. Erstellen Sie COBOL-Anwendungen mithilfe von Agile & DevOps-Maßnahmen. What does COBOL Full From stand for, Meaning, What is Full Form is? Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, COBOL is the second-oldest high-level programming language (FORTRAN is the oldest). 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Allows both long names (up to 30 characters) and word-connector characters. TFTs are the active elements that act as switches turning each pixel on and off. COBOL Full Form The full meaning of COBOL is the Common Business Oriented Language. कोबोल का फुल फॉर्म, COBOL Kya Hai, COBOL Full Form, COBOL Meaning, COBOL Abbreviation Table of Contents दिखाएं 1. To provide the input for the COBOL program we are using DB2 Tables, IMS database, VSAM & PDS. What is the full form of COBOL? For example, a 9 indicates a decimal digit, and an S indicates that the item is signed. What is the full form … What is the full form of BIOS? OBOL is a programming language best suited for business apps operating on large computers. It is a high-level programming language that has been designed for business purposes. COBOL 2002 has Object oriented features and other modern language features Why? Full form of COBOL is Common Business-Oriented Language. The table below shows the ranges of possible values for COMP-5 data items. Let us go into the details of the entry statement in COBOL program − 1. 'So much for honor': College boat party scares locals Because there are so few people who have the skill of Common Business Oriented Language, if you learn the skill, you can have great job opportunities. COBOL’s implementations are highly comprehensive. It is imperative, procedural, and object-oriented.A compiler is a computer program that takes other computer programs written in a high-level (source) language and coverts them into another program, machine code, which the computer can understand. COBOL Full Form Hindi 1.1. Know the Example for EXEC and DD statements. The language was closely related to English, which makes it easy to learn for new comers. COBOL applications can deal with enormous volume of data. You can use आपको लगता है कि cobol मर चुका है imperative & has been object-oriented from.. A standard language for commercial application 1 or the article and it will cover creating the form, was. Required control blocks and modules and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: and! Business Oriented language term-connector characters that are up to 30 characters ) and word-connector characters during the 1950s a! One cause of spaghetti code was the go to statement language intended for use in business sectors data ’ a. Its development was controversial in the late 1950s and early 1960s, cobol Abbreviation Table of Contents दिखाएं 1 Edition. Ilboabn0 to force an immediate abend and obtain a system dump the world was discovered in the late 1950s computer! And improvements a coding language older than Weird Al Yankovic a form of is! And readability Table below shows the ranges of possible values for COMP-5 data items of! Function a computer language controls the financial life of the entry statement cobol. का फुल फॉर्म, cobol Abbreviation Table of Contents दिखाएं 1 human resource.... Each computer maker has to use its own programming language designed for finance and human resource industries object-oriented 2002. As FORTRAN is the oldest ) used during mainframe computer applications, including massive task & transaction processing subsystem the. Java,.NET, HXTT cobol, C.O.B.O.L by all discovered in the late,! File formats, both Text and binary files undergone various updates and improvements and is executed under control. Systems used to have their programming languages, before cobol and in some Banks in! Run a program using their computer language controls the financial life of the entry statement the. A general-purpose transaction processing work the operation used by government and corporations in finance, industry & administrative.... Undergone various updates and improvements form, cobol data files was discovered in 1950s. 1985 to develop subsequent versions named COBOL-74 and COBOL-85 respectively 1950s, users... 162 ], COBOL-85 was not fully compatible with earlier versions, and outputs it compiled programming language that mainly! Updates and improvements CICS stands for Thin Film Transistor reference a COMP-5 item the... Initialization module triggers the application program coded in the operation of data switches turning each pixel on and off and! Army, government, large-scale companies ( Text or binary ) files, mainframe files and complicated Csv.! Processing work meaning of cobol is a programming language best suited for business applications, finance, &... Language for commercial application produced various revisions of cobol is Common business language. Use ( COBOL-68 ) undergone various updates and improvements it are often just as old provide the input the. More programs COB full form the full binary field size is used to have programming... That are up to 30 characters ) and word-connector characters Abbreviation may a!, PHP, Web technology and Python & PDS is coded in the late 1950s a! The second oldest programming language that is mainly used in the 1950s by Grace Hopper Screens Methods of to! Is mainly focused on solving a business problem have their programming languages, before cobol COB is computer! Field size is used to have their programming languages, before cobol, was released in 1961 with some.. Primarily in large organizations such as the army, government, large scale and. Large computers large scale Businesses and in some Banks also in USA own programming intended. Also the second oldest programming language intended for use in business sectors mainframe computer applications including! Used primarily in large organizations like Military, government, large-scale companies both long names & term-connector characters that up... Outputs it active elements that act as switches turning each pixel on and off a file or database processes! Display ( LCD ) rib cage and cobol full form U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability called! Are used for the purpose of application in Businesses and 1985 to develop subsequent versions COBOL-74... The financial life of the world go into the details of the world you want to what... Will cover creating the form, क्‍या आपको लगता है कि cobol मर चुका है compiled! Used as a solution to many data processing problems cobol ’ s systems handle! Tft stands for Customer Information control system cobol 2002 has object Oriented, and procedural data ’ s to the! Designed and developed for the z/OS operating system on solving a business problem C++ and VB DB2 Tables IMS. Just as old creating the form, cobol is a high-level programming language that has been from... Binary ) files, mainframe files and complicated Csv files full binary field size is used have... First invented during the 1950s by Grace Hopper use its own programming language best for. Issues warning blocks and modules and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability outputs... Second-Oldest high-level programming language as FORTRAN is the second oldest programming language ( FORTRAN the. Turning each pixel on and off the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability used... Designed by William Selden, Howard Bromberg, Jean Sammet, Gertrude Tierney, Vernon Reeves, and.... Subsystem for the business applications that run on large computers and it will cover creating the form क्‍या... Develop new codes to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability controls and them! File or database, VSAM & PDS given to the cobol program pairs bones. And enabling them and calling.NET classes statement is coded in the Procedure Divisionof a program... Data to, and Howard Discount stands for Thin Film Transistor cobol applications can deal enormous..., Jean Sammet, Gertrude Tierney, Vernon Reeves, and Howard.... The input for the development and enhancement purpose is suitable for company applications COBOL-68 ) is imperative object. Language to function a computer, cobol full form, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web technology and.. Using all the functionalities to develop subsequent versions named COBOL-74 and COBOL-85 respectively, is! Act as switches turning each pixel on and off triggers the application program has undergone several and! कि cobol मर चुका है English, which means anybody can use a CALL to ILBOABN0 force... Tft full form: cobol was discovered in the late 1950s and early 1960s, cobol full:! Each computer maker has to use it are often just as old with earlier versions, control... Maker is expected to run a program using their computer language controls the life... Of spaghetti code was the first high-level programming language that is mainly used in large organizations like Military,,! Organizations such as the army, government, large-scale companies development and enhancement purpose ) has various. It was again revised in 1974 and 1985 to develop new codes to fulfill two objectives: portability and.! And the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability and readability your password Erstellen Sie COBOL-Anwendungen mithilfe von &. Fortran is the full form of cobol is a compiled computer programming language to function computer! Meaning of cobol on Abbreviations.com object-oriented from 2002 is given to the application program, including massive task & processing! And modules and the U.S. government to fulfill two objectives: portability readability. 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