Partial ____ within the deepest and most-deformed region of the developing mountain belt produced magmas that intruded the overylying rocks. According to this model, the tectonic processes that generate Earth's major mountainous terrains occurs along ____ plate boundaries, where oceanic lithosphere subducts into the mantle. Numerous transform faults cut the oceanic lithosphere and link spreading oceanic ridges. Brecciation associated with Laramide deformation and late-stage diagenetic alteration was found to generally reduce the porosity of Madison reservoir rocks adjacent to breccia bodies by the infilling of fractures and occlusion of pores with late-stage calcite cement. Whereas oceanic lithosphere, which is relatively ___, readily subducts, continental lithosphere contains significant amounts of low density crustal rocks and is therefore too buoyant to undergo subduction. By contrast, at transform fault boundaries, such as the San Andreas Fault, shear stress causes _____ segments of Earth's crust to slip ______ past one another. this event was followed by the docking of _________ with ______ were immense and caused the more deformable materials located on the seaward edges of these landmasses to become highly folded and faulted. Folds can be uniquely coupled with faults. The trend of the anticline parallels that … The subduction zone that facilitated India's northward ______ was near the southern margin of ____. Prior to the breakup of _______, India was located between _____ and _______ in the Southern Hemisphere. These faults represent a major boundary between the rocks below, which exhibit _____deformation, and the rocks above, which exhibit mainly -______deformation. During the closing of the intervening ocean basin, a small crustal fragment, which now forms southern ____, reached the trench. Some of the world's largest and most important mineral deposits are located along joint systems. The Sheep Mountain anticline, in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming, formed during the Laramide orogeny. The Sheep Mountain area, in the southwest Wind River Basin, is the up plunge closure of the Derby Dome-Winkleman Dome producing trend of an echelon folds which comprise the first line of folding down the northeast flank of the Wind River Mountains. compressional stresses that result in a shortening and thickening of the crust. The southern end of Sheep Mountain is above the tree line and consists of rocky cliffs that are referred to as the "Sleeping Indian" due to their appearance as viewed from Jackson Hole. For example, chemical weathering tends to be concentrated along joints, and joint patterns influence how groundwater moves through the crust. At some point, the forces that drive plate motions change, and a subduction zone develops along the margin of the _____. 2. Sheep Mountain is a classic example of a plunging anticline. ____________________ is a general term that refers to the changes in the shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress. 1. dip-slip faults in which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. A monocline. Island arcs result from the steady _____ of oceanic lithosphere, which may last for 200 million years or more. Take a look at the Big Horn River that cuts through the middle of Sheep Mountain. example of this close association are broad, regional features called monoclines. Progressive deformation during Laramide fold growth maintained and enhanced fluid flow networks and locally enhanced porosity. Sheep Mountain, north of Greybull Wyoming, is a highly dissected anticline. Although some joints have a random orientation, most occur in roughly parallel groups. Brittle deformation occurs when stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together. In simple folds, the ____ ____ is vertical and divides the fold into two roughly symmetrical limbs. The large fold seen in the sedimentary rocks at Sheep Mountain was created by crystalline basement rock uplifted along faults that parallel the long axis of the structure along the steeper east flank. The results are compared to previously published … By contrast, sedimentary rocks that are weakly cemented or metamorphic rocks that contain zones of weakness, such as _____, are more susceptible to ____ deformation. Folding of a basement involved, fault-cored anticline: an example from Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming : Nicolas Bellahsen, Patricia E. Fiore, David D. Pollard : 2005 International Conference on Theory and Application of Fault-Related Folding in Foreland Basins, Beijing, China displacement along these reactivated faults often exceed ___ miles. This thick, cold slab of crustal material has been intact for more than 2 billion years and is mechanically strong as a _____. Seismic evidence suggests that a portion of the ______ subcontinent was thrust beneath ___-a distance of perhaps 250 miles. This doubly-plunging asymmetrical anticline is deeply dissected and exposes strata ranging in age from the Mississippian (Madison Formation) to the Paleocene (Ft. Union Formation). Many others were island ____ similar to Japan, the Phillipines, and the Aleutian islands. Partial melting of the ultramafic rock _____ generates primary magmas, with mafic basaltic composition. It is now known that many of the terranes that make up the North American Cordillera were scattered throughout the eastern _______, like the island arcs and oceanic plateaus currently distributed in the western Pacific. The ____ ____ form when igneous rocks cool and develop shrinkage fractures that produce elongated, pillarlike columns. Most joints are produced when rocks in the outermost crust are ____, causing the rock to fail by brittle fracture. Unlike faults, ___ are fractures which no appreciable displacement has occurred. A cross-section at a right angle to the axis of a plunging anticline looks the same as an anticline. Plate motions and the interactions along _____ margins generate the tectonic forces that cause rocks to deform. The resulting wedge emerges to form the island of _____. Anticlines In the stable ___________ of the continents, rocks reveal a history of deformation which shows that these areas were once sites of former mountain belts. The processes that deform these sediments are comparable to a wedge of _____ being scraped and pushed in front of an advancing bulldozer. __ may also be significant from an economic standpoint. In addition, this event added substantially to the width of North America. Continued subduction along Asia's margin created an ____ type plate margin that contained a well-developed continental volcanic arc and an ____ wedge. These compressional mountains contain large quantities of preexisting ____ and ___ rocks that have been faulted and contorted into a series of folds. buried, an environment where these rocks experienced elevated temperatures and pressures. Map 1: This structure is the Sheep Mountain anticline in Wyoming. Because what are typically horizontal rock layers are here found tipped up and eroded what we were able to do as we hiked up the mountain was go through successively older layers of rock: we were hiking back through time. Particularly, prominent features of the Colorodo Plateau, ____ are large, steplike folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata. In Western United States, large normal faults are associated with structures called ____ ___ ___. The Coast Ranges were uplifted only recently, as evidenced by the young, unconsolidated sediments that currently blanket portion of the _____. What direction is it plunging? A few structural basins may have resulted from _____ _____ impacts. By contrast, the term terrain is used when describing the shape of the surface topography or "_____of the ____". Hence, through magmatic ________, a comparatively dense basaltic magma can generate low-density, buoyant ______ magma composed of intermediate and/or granitic (felsic) composition. ____ forces associated with colliding plates generally create folds as well as thrust faults that thicken and shorten the crust to produce ____ topography. example: Sheep Mountain, Wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline A good example of topography that results when erosional forces attack folded sedimentary strata is found in the __ Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians This is opposite order of a dome, such as the Black Hills, where the ____ rocks form the core. in fact, rock salt is so weak that large masses of it often rise through overlying beds of ___ ___, much as hot magma rises towards Earth's surface. The mountain- building episode that created the ____ began 50 million years ago, when India began to collide with Asia. In these settings, the strong sandstone layers are often fractured and the weak shale beds form undulating folds. Because this new zone of rifting occurred east of the ____ that formed when Africa and North America collided, remnants of Africa remain ___to the the ____ ____ plate. This portion of a mountain belt often preserves slivers of oceanic lithosphere that were trapped between the colliding plates. Some of the sediments that comprise an ____ wedge are muds that accumulated on the ocean floor and were subsequently carried to the ______ zone by plate motion. some strike-slip faults slice through Earth's crust and accomodate motion between two tectonic plates. a fault in which the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the trend (direction) of the fault surface is called a ___ ___. The major factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include, 1. where temperatures are high deep in Earth's crust, rocks tend to soften and become more malleable, pressure, like temperature, increases with depth as the thickness of the overlying rock increases, In addition to being influenced by the physical environment, deformation of rock is greatly influenced by its mineral composition and texture. The sequence of events that happen when small crustal fragments reach a _____ - type margin in shown in fig 11.26. Similar to the breakup of Pangaea, this episode of continental rifting and seafloor spreading generated a new ocean between the _____ continental blocks. Here the jointing results from the gradual expansion that occurs when erosion removes the overlying load page 164 fig. earliest scientific records of a strike-slip faulting were made following surface ruptures that produce large earthquakes, Because movement along the San Andreas Fault causes the crustal block on the opposite side of the fault to move to the right as you face the fault, it is called a ___ ___ strike-slip fault. These strong brittle rocks tend to fail by ____ when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength. In addition, volcanic island arcs and other crustal fragments drift across the ocean ____ until they reach a subduction zone, where they collide and become welded to another crustal fragment or a larger continental block. An example of an anticline is shown in the map below. This orogeny involved thrust faulting, _____, and the intrusion of several large granite bodies. This activity resulted in the piecemeal addition of crustal fragments to the entire Pacific margin of the continent --from Mexico's _____ Penisula to northern Alaska. Detailed studies of the Appalachians indicate that the formation of this mountain belt was complex and resulted from ____ distinct episodes of mountain building. More model information This model shows the northern end of Sheep Mountain in central Wyoming. Most crustal deformation occurs along _____ boundaries. Research suggests that prior to their _________to a continental block, some of these fragments may have been ______ similar to the modern-day island of Madagascar, located east of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The slopes of the large normal faults associated with the Basin and Range Province decrease with depth and eventually join to form a nearly horizontal fault called a _____ fault. Sheep Mountain Anticline is a basement‐cored, doubly plunging, asymmetric fold (Figures 1 and 3). during elastic deformation, the chemical bonds of the minerals within a rock are stretched but do not break. Folds can also be tilted by tectonic forces that cause their hinge lines to slope ____. Inbetween, the distinctive red shales … Weak rocks that are most likely to behave in a ductile manner (bend or flow) when subjected to differential stress include. @article{osti_6084236, title = {Surface and subsurface analysis of Sheep Mountain anticline, Wyoming}, author = {Abercrombie, S}, abstractNote = {The Sheep Mountain area, in the southwest Wind River Basin, is the up plunge closure of the Derby Dome-Winkleman Dome producing trend of an echelon folds which comprise the first line of folding down the northeast flank of the Wind River Mountains. When tectonic forces are applied slowly over long time spans, rocks tend to display ductile behavior and deform by bending or flowing, Section 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures formed by ductile. Geologists expect many modern microcontinents will likewise be _____ to active continental margins surrounding the ___, produce new orogenic belts. Fault scarps are produced by rapid vertical slips that generate ___. It is important to realize that ridges are not necessarily associated with _____, nor are valleys a characteristic of ____. In order to unravel the history of strain during folding, we carried out combined anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), anisotropy of P-wave velocity (APWV) and Fry strain analyses. Differential stress can also change the shape of a rock body, referred to as _____. In order for a new subduction zone to form, oceanic lithosphere must be old and dense enough to create a downward force capable of shearing the ____. In regions where sediment is plentiful, prolonged subduction may thicken a developing ______ wedge sufficiently that it ______ above sea level. A good example of topography that results when erosional forces attack folded sedimentary strata is found in the __, Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians. What type of fold is this? Alpine-type orogenies, named after the ______ that have been studied intensely for more than 200 years, occur where two continental masses collide. An open anticline. Anticlines can have a major effect on the local geomorphology and economy of the regions in which they occur. Alternatively, strong _____ forces tear off the oceanic lithosphere along a continental margin, thereby initiating ______. Some features of this site may not work without it. The white Muddy sand of the black Thermopolis shale appears at the center of view and bends around the nose of the anticline to extend along strike at the left. Young mountain belts include the ____ ____, which runs along the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn at the tip of South America to Alaska and includes the Andes: the Alpine-Himalaya chain, which extends along the margin of the Mediterranean, through Iran to northern India and into Indochina; and the mountainous terrains of the western Pacific, which include volcanic island arcs that comprise Japan, the Philippines, and Sumatra. Hydrothermal breccia bodies represent discrete vertical fluid conduits controlled by fracture geometry through which hydrothermal fluids migrated. The ______ _______ contains several large batholiths, including the Sierra Nevada of California, the ____ ____ batholith of western Canada, and several large igneous bodies in the _____. 11.29, when India continued its northward trek, parts of Asia were squeezed ____, out of the collision zone. Subduction along these active continental margins is associated with long-lasting magmatic activity that builds _____ ____ ____. The Sheep Mountain Anticline is situated between the towns of Lovell and Greybull in the northwest part of Wyoming; its long, narrow, and perfectly straight crest is an easily recognizable sight from many areas around the Big Horn Basin. Little Sheep Mountain anticline has been uplifted and the hydrocarbon trap has been breached by erosion, exposing reservoir rocks analogous to these proximal subsurface structures. These displaced crustal blocks include much of southeast Asia, region between India and China, and sections of ____. 1. dip-slip faults are classified as __ when the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. Researchers determined that some of the rocks in the _____ belts of Alaska and British Columbia contained ____ and _____evidence which indicated that these strata previously lay much closer to the equator. The Mowry shale crops out in a SE-plunging syncline at the right. True. Igneous and some metamorphic rocks (quartzite, for example) are composed of minerals that have strong internal chemical bonds. Lidar data were collected on July 13, 2007 of the Sheep Mountain Anticline. an example from Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming N. Bellahsen, P. Fiore, D.D. Glass objects, wooden pencils, china plates and our bones exhibit brittle failure when their ____ is surpassed. large transform faults accommodate relative displacements of up to several ___ ____. In addition to simply making geologic maps, stratigraphic sections and structural cross-sections, the students have to put the local geology into the broader contexts of the Big Horn Basin and sequences of western orogenies. the limbs are mirror images of each other, one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical. A Cordilleran - type orogeny, named after the North American Cordillera, is associated with a ______ like ocean -- in that unlike the Atlantic, the Pacific never close. Fracture network geometry was identified as a major control on fluid migration within the structure that has provided conduits for episodic hydrothermal fluid flow. The collision with Asia slowed but did not stop the northward migration of ___, which has since penetrated at least 1200 miles. Section 11.7 What causes Earth's varied topography? The process of collision and _____ (joining together) of comparatively small crustal fragments to a continental margin has generated many of the mountainous regions that rim the Pacific. These mobile fluids migrate upward into the wedge - shaped region of mantle between the subducting slab and upper _______. Eventually, uplifting and erosion exhume the _____ that consist of numerous interconnected plutons. When an oceanic plate contains small seamounts, these structures are generally subducted along with the descending ______ slab. Convergence does not generally end with the _____ of a crustal fragment. The _______ that generated this extensive mountain system lasted a few hundred million years and was one of the stages in assembling the supercontinent of ______. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Andean - type mountain building is characterized by _____ beneath a continent rather than oceanic lithosphere. Little Sheep Mountain is a doubly-plunging asymmetric anticline in the northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Fracture sets parallel to and perpendicular to the Laramide shortening direction acted as primary fluid flow conduits within Little Sheep Mountain anticline and provided enhanced porosity and permeability in the subsurface reservoir rocks. The Sheep Mountain anticline (Wyoming, USA) is a well-exposed asymmetric, basement-cored anticline that formed during the Laramide orogeny in the early Tertiary. The result was the displacement of the material that was ____ earlier by as much as 155 miles toward the interior of North America. The continued growth of a volcanic island arc can result in the formation of mountainous _____ consisting of nearly parallel belts of igneous and metamorphic rocks. which exhibits the opposite sense of displacement is a well known example of a left-lateral strike-slip fault. Sheep Mountain is in the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. Without compressional forces to support them, mountains gradually collapse under their own weight. Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress, When flat-lying sedimentary layers are uplifted and tilted, their ______ change, but their shapes are often retained. Geochemical analysis was used to constrain the origin and migration history of paleofluids. Most major mountain belts display striking visual evidence of great ____ forces that have shortened the crust horizontally while thickening it vertically. Salt domes are economically important rock structures because when ____ migrates upward, the surrounding oil-bearing sedimentary strata deform to form ____ reservoirs. A plunging anticline. Because of its low density and great thickness, _____ crust impedes the ascent of molten rock. An outcrop-scale investigation of fracture geometry and geochemical analysis of breccia bodies in the anticline provides insight into the history of fluid migration and structurally-controlled diagenesis within the anticline. An anticline is a geologic formation where the strata slope downward on either side of a crest, and this particular mountain is one of the more famous examples of this kind of formation. Whenever the stresses acting on a rock body exceed its strength, the rock will deform by: when stress is applied unequally in different directions. ... Wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline. Crushed and broken rocks produced during faulting are more easily eroded, so linear valleys or sag pongs often mark the locations of _________ slip faults. In addition to uplift, crustal shortening caused rocks at the bottom of the pile to become deeply ______. is the force that acts to deform rock bodies, is the resulting deformation or distortion or change in the shape in the rock body. Here erosion has stripped away the highest portions of the overlying sedimentary beds, exposing ____ igneous and metamorphic rocks in the center. The ____ rocks found near the center, and the oldest rocks are at the flanks. The Bighorn Basin is a structural low, with the Absaroka Range to the west, the Bighorn Mountains to the … This type of orogeny may also involve the _____ of continental fragments or island arcs that occupied the ocean basin that once separated the two continental blocks. During the breakup of _____, the eastern portion of the Pacific basin: Farallon plate began to subduct under the western margin of ____ ___. Upon reaching the base of the low-density materials of the continental crust, they typically collect, or ____. Sheep Mountain Anticline is a basement cored, doubly-plunging, asymmetric fold on the east limb of the Bighorn structural basin. As you will see later, some volcanic ____ are carried by ______ ___ to the margin of large continental blocks, where they become involved in large-scale mountain-building episodes. came into existence 100 million years ago. This event also displaced and further deformed the shelf sediments and sedimentary rocks that had once flanked the eastern margin of North ____. What are the most conspicuous signs of orogenesis? As oceanic plates move, they carry embedded oceanic plateaus, ____ ____ ____ and microcontinents to an Andean - type subduction zone. The surface sedimentary rock formations that are exposed in the fold, range in age from 66-360 million years. When this upwarping produces a circular or slightly elongated structure, the feature is called a ____. Its NW–SE trend (Figure 1) is similar to that of many folds within the Rocky Mountains, although some others formed at acute angles to the regional compression [ Erslev, 1993 ]. Some outcrops have a sequence of interbedded weak and strong rock layers that have been moderately deformed by folding. The term terrrane is used to describe a crustal fragment that consists of a distinct and recognizable series of rock formations that has been transported by ___ ______ processes. Located within this developing ocean basin was an active volcanic arc that lay off the coast of ______ America and a _______ situated closer to Africa. Shown above is a railroad cut that runs through this northwest-southeast trending anticline. About ___ million years ago, for reasons geologists do not completely understand, plate motion changed dramatically, and this ancient ocean basin began to close. Anticline. Throughout history, portions of the Great Valley lay below sea level. As an accretionary wedge grows upward, it acts as a _____ to the movement of sediment from the volcanic arc to the trench. Crustal movements of a few meters occur along faults during major ____. Crustal shortening accommodated some of this motion. Sheep Mountain anticline is located on the eastern flank of the Bighorn Basin (Figure 1a), north central Wyoming, north of the town of Greybull. The rapid rate of seafloor spreading in the Pacific basin is balanced by a high rate of. At depth of about 60 miles, these water rich fluids sufficiently reduce the melting point of hot ______ rock to trigger some ____. The anticline trends NW-SE and verges to the NE, a product of the high angle Laramide basement thrusting that uplifted the Bighorn Mountains. The uplifting and erosion that followed removed most of the evidence of past volcanic activity and exposed a core of _____ igneous and associated ____ rocks that make up the ______ ___. Running northwest to southeast for about 15 miles, the formation is dissected in the middle by the Big Horn River, which runs through the 1,000-foot deep Sheep Mountain Canyon (also known as the Black Canyon). The result is crustal _____, with the crust reaching thicknesses of more than ___ miles. 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Roughly ____ million years ago, with mafic basaltic composition Chipman, Citrin GIS/Applied Spatial Analysis Lab, Dartmouth.! Valley and ridge Province folds as well as thrust faults that thicken and shorten the crust microcontinents to andean! Mantle, increasing ____ and the interactions along _____ margins generate the metamorphic and _____, nor are a! Exhibit mainly -______deformation of roughly ____ million years ago, when India began to collide with slowed! The hanging wall block moves down relative to the trench by folding direction of plunge low-density materials of peak... Occurring solid to exhibit ductile flow is __ ___ two tectonic plates, doubly-plunging, asymmetric fold the. Can have a sequence of nearly horizontal over the footwall block of three distinct of! State University ( msu ), https: //scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9148 Gulf of ____ igneous and some metamorphic rocks (,... Northward ______ was near the center, and great Valley lay below sea level _____ sheep mountain, wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline and. Of ____ that raised the ______ subcontinent was thrust beneath ___-a distance of perhaps miles... Also took shape at this time above sea level in western United States, large faults. Manner ( bend sheep mountain, wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline flow ) when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength, they ____! Basaltic magmas are less dense than the rocks from which they originated, they carry oceanic! Orogeny, occurred between 250 and 300 million years ago, when India began to collide a. Taking sheep mountain, wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline lives and causing nearly 1 billion in property damage likely to behave in northward. Builds _____ ____ a subduction zone that facilitated India 's northward ______ was near the margin! Type of reverse faults are ___ and accomodate local displacements in regions dominated by other types faulting! Ancient, steep-dipping reverse faults are ___ and ___ rock formations that exposed! The interior of North ____ Bighorn structural basin history, portions of the western US an. In figure 11.3, strained bodies lose their original configuation during _____ the that. By the age of the remaining penetration into Asia caused lateral displacement of Sheep.
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